Few Alpha Testing is performed by the client or the outsourcing team with the presence of the testers or developers. What are stubs and drivers in Manual Testing? The Stubs and Drivers are part of incremental testing. On the incremental testing, we have two approaches they are a top-down and bottom-up approach. Drivers are used in bottom-up testing. A stub is used in the top-down approach. For testing the main module, a stub is used that is a dummy program or code.

This is also used in the visualization of data processing. What are the basic components of the defect report format?

Generally, a bug could be low, medium or high based on the context. Given below instances explains briefly when would a bug be low, medium, or high. Beta Testing is performed by the limited number of end-users before the delivery. Why Usability Testing is performed?

Usability testing is performed to check whether the end-users are capable of understanding and operating the application. Explain Volume Testing. What is the need for exit criteria? The need for exit criteria is to define when the test level is completed.

When do you use Decision table testing? We use the Decision Table Testing that is used for testing systems for which a specification takes from the cause-effect or rules combinations.

On a decision table, the inputs are listed on a column, with outputs on the same column but below an input. A reminder of a table explores the combination of the inputs for defining the outputs produced. What is the major objective while reviewing the software deliverable? The main objective of reviewing the software deliverable is to identify the defects on any of the software work products. Explain the benefit of test independence? The benefit of test independence is to avoid author bias while defining effective tests.

Which one would define the expected results of the test? A test case specification or the design specification? A Test Case specification would define the expected results of the test. Explain Grey-Box testing? The Grey-Box is the strategy for Software debugging in the tester that has limited knowledge of internal details of a program.

Elucidate Workbench concept? The Workbench is the way of documenting how a specific activity has to be performed. This is often referred to as steps, phases, and tasks. The following are the five tasks for each workbench and they are listed below, Input Execute Check Production output Rework What do you mean by Defect Cascading? A Defect Cascading is the defect that is caused by other defects. Usually, one defect triggers another defect. If a defect is present at any stage and it is not identified or hidden to other phases without being noticed, this will result in an increased number of defects.

How do you skip a method or the code block in the TestNG? As they share the common aim of identifying a defect but differ only in the type of finding a defect. List the different methodologies in the Agile Development Model? When does a configuration management procedure should be implemented? The Configuration management procedure must be implemented during test planning.

Explain Bug Release? Releasing a Software to production with known bugs is called Bug Release. Also, the known bugs should be included on a release note.

What do you mean by Test Closure? A test closure is a note that is prepared before the test team formally and completes a testing process. This note consists of the following, Total number of test cases Total number of test cases executed Total number of defects found Total number of defects fixed Total number of defects that are not fixed Total number of bugs rejected.

Explain Sanity Testing. Sanity Testing is performed during a release phase to identify the main functionalities of an application without getting deeper. This is also called as the Subset of Regression Testing. This is performed at a release level. During certain time due to the release time constraints, rigorous regression testing could not be done to build and sanity testing performs the part of checking the main functionalities.

Elucidate Gamma Testing? Gamma Testing is performed while the software is ready for a release with specified requirements and the testing is done directly on skipping all in-house testing activities. What Testing Activity is done to expose the defects in an interface and in the interaction between integrated components The Integration Level Testing activity is used. If a fault is identified who should originally document it? It should be documented by the testers. What is the type of review that is required for formal entry and exit criteria?

The Inspection review is required for formal entry and exit criteria. What do you mean by Data-Driven Testing? This is an Automation process in which the application is tested with multiple sets of data with various preconditions and as the input to a script. Explain Error Seeding?

The Error seeding is the process of adding known errors intentionally to a program for identifying the pace of error detection. This helps in the procedure of estimating the tester skills of identifying the bugs and to know the functionality of an application.

How to estimate the amount of re-testing likely to be required? For estimating the amount of re-testing, we could use the metrics from the previous projects. The projects that are similar and also we could have a discussion with the development team. Digital Marketing Interview Questions and Answers.

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Javascript Interview Questions and Answers. Recovery testing is done to check how fast and better the application can recover against any type of crash or hardware failure. Type or extent of recovery is specified in the requirement specifications. Recovery testing will enable customer to avoid any inconvenience that are generally associated with the loss of data and performance of the application. We can perform regular recovery testing in order to take backup of all necessary and important data.

What is Test Case? A test case is a set of conditions which is used by tester to perform the testing of application to make sure that application is working as per the requirement of the user. In Test First Design what step you will follow to add new functionality into the project? When we have to add new functionality our project, we perform the following steps: - Quickly add a developer test: we need to create a test that ensures that new added functionality will not crash our project.

Execute that test, to ensure that new add functionality does not crash our application. In this we update our code with few more functionality so that the code passes the new test.

Like adding of error message in field where field can take only numeric data. If test fails, we have to do change in the code and perform retesting of the application.

What is Validation and Verification? Verification: process of evaluating work-products of a development phase to determine whether they fulfill the specified requirements for that phase. Validation: process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it specified requirements. What are different approaches to do Integration Testing?

Integration testing is black box testing. Integration testing focuses on the interfaces between units, to ensure that units work together to complete a specify task. The purpose of integration testing is to confirm that different components of the application interact with each other.

Integration testing is considered complete, when actual results and expected results are same. There are mainly three approaches to do integration testing. Can you explain the elementary process? Software applications are made up by the help of several elementary processes. There are two types of elementary processes: - Dynamic elementary Process: The dynamic elementary involves process of moving data from one location to another location.

The location can be within the application and outside the application. Explain the PDCA cycle. Software testing is an important part of the software development process. The four steps are discussed below: - Plan: Define the goal and the plan for achieving that goal.

What are the categories of defects? There are three main categories of defects: - Wrong: The requirements are implemented incorrectly in the application. This is always a variance from the specification, but may be an attribute desired by the user of the product. What are different types of verifications?

Verification is static type of software testing which is started in earlier phase of development of software. The product is evaluated by going through the code.

Types of verification are: - Walkthrough: Walkthroughs are informal technique. Where the Developer leader organizing a meeting with team member to take feedback regarding the software. This can be used for the improvement of the software quality. A negative test is when you put in an invalid input and receives errors. While positive testing is when you put in a valid input and expect some action to be completed in accordance with the specification.

Re-testing ensures the original fault has been removed; regression testing looks for unexpected side effects. The experience of both technical and business people is important, as they bring different perspectives to the test analysis and design process.

Due to previous experience with similar systems, they may have insights into what could go wrong, which is very useful for testing. It depends on the risks for the system being tested. There are some criteria based on which you can stop testing. The primary purpose of the integration strategy is to specify which modules to combine when and how many at once.

Semi-random test cases are nothing, but when we perform random test cases and do equivalence partitioning to those test cases, it removes redundant test cases, thus giving us semi-random test cases. Regression testing should be done on other modules as well because fixing one module may affect other modules. Because configuration management assures that we know the exact version of the testware and the test object. A software development model that illustrates how testing activities integrate with software development phases.

Test coverage measures in some specific way the amount of testing performed by a set of tests derived in some other way, e. Wherever we can count things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by some test, then we can measure coverage.

In order to measure test effectiveness, a powerful metric is used to measure test effectiveness known as DRE Defect Removal Efficiency From this metric we would know how many bugs we have found from the set of test cases.

The formula for calculating DRE is. Is it really a test if you put some inputs into some software, but never look to see whether the software produces the correct result? The essence of testing is to check whether the software produces the correct result and to do that, and we must compare what the software produces to what it should produce. A test comparator helps to automate aspects of that comparison. Test boundary conditions on, below and above the edges of input and output equivalence classes.

For instance, let say a bank application where you can withdraw maximum Rs. That means we test above the maximum limit and below the minimum limit. Rapid Application Development RAD is formally a parallel development of functions and subsequent integration.

This can very quickly give the customer something to see and use and to provide feedback regarding the delivery and their requirements. Rapid change and development of the product are possible using this methodology. However the product specification will need to be developed for the product at some point, and the project will need to be placed under more formal controls before going into production.

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AI Expand child menu Expand. The process may be composed of sub processes that are linked in some way. The process may be defined as a hierarchy of processes, organized so that each sub process has its own process model.

Each process activity has entry and exit criteria, so that we know when the activity begins and ends. The activities are organized in a sequence, so that it is clear when one activity is performed relative to the other activities. Every process has a set of guiding principles that explain the goals of each activity. What are the advantages of waterfall model? It is a segmental model. It is systematic and sequential. It is a simple one.

It has proper documentation. What is RAD? After these smaller system components are developed, they are integrated to produce the large software system solution. What is system integration testing? What are the types of attributes? Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as complementary?

What are the phases of a formal review? A typical formal review process consists of six main steps: Planning Kick-off Preparation Review meeting Rework Follow-up.

What is the role of moderator in review process? He or she deter-mines, in co-operation with the author, the type of review, approach and the composition of the review team.

The moderator performs the entry check and the follow-up on the rework, in order to control the quality of the input and output of the review process. The moderator also schedules the meeting, disseminates documents before the meeting, coaches other team members, paces the meeting, leads possible discussions and stores the data that is collected.