Michael vince advanced language practice pdf chomikuj

I've just seen a ghost! Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past. No definite time is given. Jim has had three car accidents, up to the present Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present. I've twisted my ankle, that's why I'm limping With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present.

I've lived here for the past ten years. A habitual action in a period of time up to the present. I've been jogging every morning for the last month.

Contrast with past simple Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be stated or understood.

Compare: I've bought a new car. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in time or place from the event. I've left my wallet in the car. I'm going back to get it. Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the present. The speaker may feel separated in time from the event, or be further away. Present perfect continuous Present perfect continuous progressive can refer to a range of meanings, depending on the time expression used and the context.

A state which lasts up to the present moment I've been waiting for you for three hours! An incomplete activity I've been cleaning the house but I still haven't finished. To emphasise duration I've been writing letters all morning.

A recently finished activity I've been running. That's why I look hot. A repeated activity I've been taking French lessons this year. How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs especially sit, lie, wait and stay prefer the continuous form.

There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned. Completed: emphasis on achievement I've ironed five shirts this morning. Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on duration I've been ironing my shirts this morning. Meaning with present perfect verb forms is associated with certain time expressions.

Contrast with past simple may depend on the choice of time expression. Past simple: referring to a specific finished time. I saw Jim recently. Others include: for, never, before, all my life, for a long time, today, all day, every day These may be used with either past simple or present perfect. The sentences you make must be appropriate and meaningful. I went to the dentist's I've lived here Don't worry. I haven't been waiting I've written two pages I waited outside your house I've warned you about this I haven't made a decision The repair worked I've decided to believe you 1 time and time again.

She leave too late to catch the bus. Here is the news. The Home Office announce that the two prisoners who escape from Dartmoor prison earlier this morning give themselves up to local police. I try to get through to Glasgow for the past hour. Bill get that new job, but he complain about it ever since. Ever since then, I It's so polluted and expensive, and the people are so distant. You see, I I think I'm not alone in my aversion to the big city. According to a programme I Oh well, it's too late to change my mind now, because the job is up and running, and I But I must admit, over the past few days, I Reporter Philip Taggart visits a farm where the sheep are super fit!

Farmers, as you may This 4 involve not only planting new kinds of crops, but also some strange ways of making money, the most unusual of which has got to be sheep racing. Yes, you 5 hear me correctly! A farmer in the west of England now 6 hold sheep races on a regular basis, and during the past year over , people 7 turn up to watch the proceedings.

But nobody 12 hear anything about these sheep! Most people 13 find it difficult to tell one from another in any case. In a typical race, half a dozen sheep 16 race downhill over a course of about half a mile.

Food 17 wait for them at the other end of the track, I ought to add! Our reporter, Sarah Hardie, goes to Otley Hall to experience a spooky weekend. There have been signs of paranormal activity at Otley Hall at various times If tales of headless huntsmen and wailing nuns 2 don't spook you out, do get this for a ghostly tale: a young Victorian man in 3 a silver gown emerges himself from the garden, walks through the front door, 4 whether or not will it happens to be open, and walks upstairs with a lantern, 5 before vanishing in the library.

If local folklore it is to be believed, he does 6 this without fail at midnight on 6 September every year, this is being the date 7 of the untimely death of one George Carpenter, the gardener of the hall, 8 who met his doom in the library, had burned by his own lantern. Otley Hall 9 stands 3 miles north of the town of Rugby, England, and that is reputedly the 10 most haunted house in England, a claim which few who have never visited it 11 would dispute.

Even the approach to the Hall is not much a journey to be 12 undertaken by the faint-hearted; at one point an executioner emerges 13 from the trees, was brandishing an axe, although it must be said that this 14 practice ceases after September, when the Hall is closed to visitors. But it was all having great fun, and the ghostly maze on 19 the final day was terrific, even if I did never get to see George Carpenter. B: What do you mean?

O Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form. Provided of course that the people you Although the King of Rock and Roll Jean The first time I But two years ago I Chris and I Like Las Vegas for example.

When you Ever since I As soon as I You'll get them by Friday. By the time you If it's incorrect rewrite the phrase. I wonder if you could give him a message from Sally Gordon? We would rent a small boat and go fishing every day.

I've been hoping I'd see you. I've got some good news! It was constantly chasing the cats next door Every day we were exploring the city, and in the evening we were going to exciting bars It was growing darker and colder, and there was still no sign of the rescue helicopter All we have to do is wait here until someone will find us. Are you quite sure it was fresh? The agent may or may not be mentioned.

My purse was found by one of the cleaners. A new road has been built. An object which causes something to happen is called an instrument, introduced by with. He was hit on the head with a hammer.

Verbs with two objects Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways. A note was handed to me. Other common verbs of this type are: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, show, tell Verbs with object and complement Some verbs have a noun or adjective which describes their object.

We elected Jim class representative. Everyone considered him a failure. When these are made passive, the complement goes directly after the verb. Jim was elected class representative. He was considered a failure. Verbs which can't be passive Most verbs with an object transitive verbs can be made passive: e.

However, a few transitive verbs may not be used in the passive. These include: become, fit be the right size , get, have, lack, let, like, resemble, suit. Verbs with no object intransitive can not be passive: e. Therefore it is not possible to say The tree was fallen'. Instead the sentence must be active: The tree fell. Using and not mentioning the agent Change of focus The passive can change the emphasis of a sentence.

My wallet has been taken. In this case, there is no point in adding an agent: 'by somebody'. Generalised agent If the subject is 'people in general' or 'you' the agent is not mentioned. Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport. Obvious agent If the agent is obvious or has already been referred to, it is not mentioned.

Linda has been arrested! Unimportant agent If the agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence it is not mentioned. Impersonality Using the passive is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is responsible for an action.

In descriptions of processes, there is emphasis on the actions performed rather than on the people who perform them. Then the packets are packed into boxes of twenty-four. Complete the second sentence. The huge stadium by the crowd. Since the computer the work of accountants simplified.

It that the shop should close. Your drinks in a moment. This window a knife. After your complaint , you will hear from us. Their engagement in the local paper. Nothing David again. The new ship launch next week. We had to go on holiday because our house decorate. I'm afraid that next week's meeting cancel. If we don't hurry, all the tickets sell by the time we get there.

All main courses serve with vegetables or salad. At least that is what is written on the menu. The second goal score by Hughes in the 41st minute, The cathedral build in the fourteenth century. The new Alhambra hatchback, which in this country sell under the name 'Challenger', fit with electric windows as standard. For the past few days I work in Jack's office, as my own office redecorate.

A major new deposit of oil discover in the North Sea. It think to be nearly twice the size of the largest existing field. Pictures of the surface of the planet Venus receive yesterday from the space probe 'Explorer' which launch last year. BAN g They took Chris to court for dangerous driving. Dear Mrs Patel, We are delighted to inform you that you 1 select for a free holiday. According to our information, you 2 answer a telephone survey last month, as a result of which your name 3 enter in the holiday draw.

Now our computer 4 name, so you and your family 5 choose your invite to spend a week in a European destination of your choice. This offer 6 make on the condition that you attend a special promotions day with other lucky families in your region who 7 offer a similar deal. You 8 ask to attend on any Saturday next month at the Royal Hotel, Manchester. If you 9 attending and taking up this offer, please 10 detach the slip below and return it to us as soon as possible.

Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable passive verb form. After 3 months we'll get the opinions of all staff. We'll look at feedback comments and make a decision. We may try it for another month. All workers will have to arrive We hope you like the idea!

After this period 2 elapse all members of staff 3 consult through their line manager, and feedback 4 Comments 5 decision 6 7 trial period 8 employees 9 seek.

Alternatively, the extend for a further month. All require to arrive between the hours of 8. It 10 arrangement meets with your enthusiastic approval! It can also describe something unfortunate that happens to someone. Get is more likely to be used than have when: i there is a feeling that something must be done. Get your hair cut! Note that get should not be used in the present perfect passive, where it would be confused with have got.

Your hair needs cutting. Passive get Get can be used instead of be to form the passive in spoken language. Martin got arrested at a football match. With present reference, the passive is followed by the present infinitive. The criminal is thought to be in hiding in the London area. Vitamin C is known to be good for treating colds. Smith is believed to have left England last week. People thought Sue had paid too much. Sue was thought to have paid too much. The police thought that the thief was still in the house.

The thief was thought to still be in the house. Everyone knows the portrait was painted by an Italian. The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian. Mary is thought to be living in Scotland. The driver is thought to have been doing a U-turn. Somebody broke into our house. Our house was broken into. The train was packed with commuters. My boss made me work hard. I was made to work hard by my boss. Cover can also be followed by in.

The furniture was covered in dust. The living room had been decorated with flowery wallpaper. It is common in descriptions of processes, and in scientific and technical language in general.

What do you think? I've just cut my hair at the hairdresser's. We are painting our house at the moment. I'm having two teeth taken out tomorrow. We were made to tidy up by the teacher. Joy-riders are thought to have stolen the car. I'll ask someone to wrap this for you. Just a minute. I'll have to wrap this up for you. We haven't had the car serviced for a long time.

We're putting in a new water-heater next week. Would you consider having your nose altered by plastic surgery? We had checked the wiring with a qualified electrician. You c Jill's parents are making her study hard. S Complete each sentence with a suitable preposition. The answers have been included the book. After the rugby match, Jim's shorts were covered mud. The victim was struck from behind a heavy object.

The house was built money that David borrowed from the bank. The cat narrowly escaped being run over a car. When the accident happened, Sue was struck flying glass. The turkey was stuffed chestnuts, and was very tasty. No one knew that Peter had been involved the investigation. When I left the casino, my pockets were crammed money. A plane carrying 15 members of the government to a conference in Brussels a small-scale fire earlier this morning.

The 1 plane 2 about 20 minutes into its journey when the fire occurred in the luggage area. It 3 how the plane caught fire, but initial eyewitness accounts confirm that a trail of smoke 4 coming from the under-carriage. The fire 5 rapidly under control, but the pilot 6 make an emergency landing.

Five people 7 treated for shock. The plane 8 with business people flying to Belgium. All passengers 9 stay behind for questioning after landing at a military airport in northern France. Police 10 treating the incident as suspicious. Make sure the words underlined do not appear. Nobody knows exactly when someone invented gunpowder. People know for a fact that the Chinese made rockets and fireworks long before people used gunpowder in Europe, which occurred at about the beginning of the thirteenth century.

We generally believe that gunpowder brought to an end the 'Age of Chivalry', since anyone with a firearm could bring down a mounted knight. In fact, people did not develop efficient firearms until the sixteenth century. They used gunpowder mainly in siege cannon when people first introduced it. Later they used it in engineering work and in mining, but they found that it was extremely dangerous.

Modern explosives have now replaced gunpowder, but we still use it for making fireworks, just as the Chinese did. If it was snowing, we stayed at home. If you keep driving like that, you're going to have an accident. If you see Mark, tell him I'll ring him tomorrow. If I knew the answer, I'd tell you.

If I was having a party, I wouldn't invite Marcia. The verb be usually takes the form were for all persons in these sentences, though was is used in everyday speech. Note that in the first person it is possible to use should instead of would.

If I left home, I think I should be lonely. If I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the station. If you come early, we can discuss the problem together. Hypothetical situations If I had the money, I could help you. Hypothetical past situations If you hadn't reminded me, I might have forgotten. With past events it adds a sense of regret.

The second part of the sentence is often left out. If only I had enough time! If only I hadn't drunk too much, this wouldn't have happened! I'll go ahead and get the tickets unless you call me this afternoon. This means if you call me this afternoon, I won't get the tickets.

See Grammar 13 for only if. I'll do what you say provided the police are not informed. Even if describes how something will happen whatever the condition. Even if it rains, we'll still go for a picnic. If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me? This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say? It is often used with should. If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me? If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea. If it weren't for Jim, this company would be in a mess. If it hadn't been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost. Will can also be used for emphasis, meaning 'insist on doing'. If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired!

Supposing you won the football pools, what would you do? Otherwise means 'or if not'. It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence. If you hadn't given us directions, we wouldn't have found the house. Thanks for your directions to the house. We wouldn't have found it otherwise. It is used in formal language, and must be followed by a noun form. If you hadn't helped us, we would have been in trouble. But for your help, we would have been in trouble. There is a possibility that Jack will be late.

If so, I will take his place. Sit down, and I'll make us a cup of tea. If you sit down If interested, apply within. If necessary, take a taxi. The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated. If we live in Australia, at least the weather be better!

You know that if I have it, I lend it to you. If I decide to leave the office early, my boss call me after I've left! If you finish eating, I clear away the plates. If it isn't for David, we are missing the bus If it's raining, we go to the pub on the corner instead If you didn't lend us the money, we would have gone to the bank If you should happen to change your mind, drop me a line If it wasn't for the rain, we would have been home by now.

I'd have found us something to eat. I'll come over and see you. I wouldn't have done all this for you. I asked someone else.

I wouldn't be very upset. I would like to know why. I wouldn't have gone to so much trouble. I'll be the happiest girl alive. I'd have had a lovely time. I would look forward to it. I won't be coming either.

I'll understand. I can't be sure. Complete each sentence with a phrase containing the verb in brackets in an appropriate form. Mr Jeffries, I have decided against a prison sentence in your case. You may walk free from this court on 1 that you report to Chesham police station every Friday for the next six months. Should you fail to 2 so, you will be given one warning; and if you persist 3 failing to meet this obligation, you will return to this court for a harsher sentence. If you are 6 to attend because of illness, please note that a medical certificate must be produced, signed by your doctor, proving your state of health.

You should realise that 7 for your previous good conduct, I would 8 had no hesitation in imposing a prison sentence. And I shall not forget that if your friend had 9 intervened in the fight, you might 10 seriously injured the defendant. If I b If you are in London by any chance, come and see me. Use one or two words in each space. The words you need do not occur in the notes. If they don't pay in ten days we're going to have to go to the law.

If they're in financial trouble, they can get in touch with our Finance Dept. If they pay up we can keep their account open. If they don't we shall, if we really have to, close their account.

If they have settled the account already, say sorry for this letter. On the basis of our goodwill, we are prepared to allow you another ten days to settle your account. However, if you 2 to pay your outstanding bills within ten days you 3 us with no alternative but to take legal action. That is, 4 we receive full payment by 20 March, we 5 steps to reclaim our money, plus compensation costs.

However, we will, if 9 , take the regrettable step of closing your account. We are sorry that the situation has come to this, but if you had paid your bills over the last two months, we would not be in this position now.

You 10 have settled your account in the last two days; if so, please accept our apologies for this letter. See Grammar 8. It's time we left. It's high time I was going. I wish I had a motorbike. I don't have one now. You are leaving. I am not going. I wish it would stop raining. The use with would is often used to describe an annoying habit. These are wishes referring to a past event, which cannot be changed. This use of wish is common after if only to express regrets.

I hope it doesn't won't rain tomorrow. I hope you 'll have a lovely time in Portugal on your holiday next week. It expresses preference about actions. I'd rather you didn't smoke in here. Both I'd rather and I'd sooner are used with normal verb forms when comparing nouns or phrases. I'd prefer it if you didn't go. However, I'd prefer is not followed by an unreal verb form in other situations.

I'd prefer tea to coffee. I'd prefer you to go swimming rather than go jogging. As if, as though Real and unreal The verb form here depends on whether the situation is true or unreal.

Summaries of events Plots of stories, films etc, and summaries of historical events use present and present perfect verb forms. May The war in Europe conies to an end. At the end of the play both families realise that their hatred caused the deaths of the lovers So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says You've put too much salt in.

I depend on her. I want to talk to you now. I work in a large office with about thirty other people, most of whom I 1 know quite well. We 2 spend most of the day together, so we have all become friends. In fact, most of my colleagues are so interesting, that I 3 think of writing a book about them! Helen 5 run the accounts department.

At the moment she 6 go out with Keith Ballantine, one of the sales representatives, and they 7 seem very happy together. But I 10 happen to know that Susan 11 dislike Keith. He 14 see Betty Wills from the overseas department. When you 17 realise that someone in your office is a thief, it 18 upset you at first. I'm not going to tell you who I 20 suspect. Well, not yet anyway! Do not change the word in bold. Where there is an error, rewrite the sentence correctly.

Which expression means one of the following? Explanations Basic contrasts: Will is normally known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, will, going to, or what we supposes true. This can also take the form of an assumption. That'll be Jim at the door. This means that I suppose it is Jim. Will is also used to express an immediate decision.

Be going to describes intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plans have already been made. I'm going to wait here until Carol gets back. Going to is also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident. Look at that tree! It's going to fall. Compare the following with the examples in the first bullet point: I'm going to be late this evening. I've got lots of paperwork to finish off.

The figures are good. I can see the company is going to make a profit this year. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. Present continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. A time reference is usually included. Note the strong similarity to the going to future. Future continuous This describes an event which will be happening at a future point.

Come round in the morning. I'll be painting in the kitchen. It can also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make happen.

In some contexts future continuous also sounds more polite than will. Will you be going to the shops later? If you go, could you get me some milk? It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans. The band will be performing live in Paris this summer. Future perfect This has both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time which we look back at from a future point.

In two year's time I'll have finished the book. By the end of the month, I'll have been working for this firm for a year. You won't have heard the news, of course. This means that I assume you have not heard the news. See also Grammar 11 and 12 for uses expressing obligation.

Mary is on the point of resigning. Be due to refers to scheduled times. The play is due to start in five minutes. Ann's flight is due at 6. Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening.

Hurry up! Present simple and present perfect Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner. Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasised.

When we've had a rest, we'll go out. Present simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the speaker. Tom retires in three years. Similarly, calendar references use the present simple. Christmas is on a Tuesday next year. Other future Hope references This can be followed by either present or future verb forms.

I hope it won't rain. Other verbs followed by will. Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference. These include: think, believe, expect, doubt. I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win.

Shall The use of shall for first person in future reference is generally considered to be restricted to British English and possibly declining in use. See Grammar 11 and 12 for other uses of shall and will. For some speakers, shall is used in formal speech and in written language.

Put each verb in brackets into a suitable verb form. I be back in an hour. Would you like to go out? I think I faint. Have you decided yet? Write the extra word, or put a tick if the line is correct. In August Gordon will then have been at his company for 25 years, 1 and he's getting for a bonus of three weeks paid holiday. So we've 2 decided to hire a car and drive around Eastern Europe. We'll be 3 leaving towards the end of August, and our aim there is to visit as 4 many countries as we can.

We'll most probably 7 spend the best part of a week in Hungary. When we've just finished 8 there, we'll probably be go to Romania, but beyond that we haven't 9 planned too much arrangements.

We will know a bit more by the end 10 of this week, when we're getting a whole load of brochures from the 11 tourist board. We'd like to get to as far as Russia, but realistically I 12 doubt whether we'll have time. I can't wait! B will have been finished next year. C is finishing next year.

B it's due at 6. C it's arriving at six. B is leaving. C will have left. B are winning the Cup. C win the Cup. B I'm not going. C I don't go. B won't have been needing it. C am not needing it. B will have been ready in a minute. C will be ready in a minute, h Can you send me the results as soon as you A hear anything? B are hearing anything? C will have heard anything? B it's not doing you any good. C it won't be doing you any good, j Don't worry about the mistake you made, nobody A is noticing.

B will notice. C will be noticing. Do not change the word given. Decide which two are correct. A What will we do now? B What do we do now? C What are we going to do now? B we're going to have a meeting. C we will have a meeting. B What is your mother going to say? C What is your mother saying? B it's raining tomorrow. C it's going to rain tomorrow. B What'll you be doing in the morning? C What are you doing in the morning? B I am to get up late.

C I'm going to get up late. B I'm having a party. C I'll be having a party. A It'll be a great trip. B It's going to be a great trip.

C It's a great trip, i When you get to the airport A someone is going to be waiting for you. B someone is due to wait for you. C someone will be waiting for you. A I'm getting really angry. B I'm going to get really angry in a minute. C I'm getting really angry in a minute. Habits Every day I went to the park. States In those days, I didn't like reading. While I was opening the letter, the phone rang. Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out of the window and pretending to write something at the same time.

Changing states The car was getting worse all the time. One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises. When Jane was at school, she was always losing things. Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense of criticism mentioned above. Past simple is used for this meaning.

When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day. Past perfect We use the past perfect when we are already talking about the past, and we simple and want to go back to an earlier past time 'double past'. Compare this with: The train left five minutes before I got to the station. When we talk about a sequence of past events in the order that they happened, we more commonly use the past simple, especially with quick, short actions.

Past perfect continuous progressive The same contrasts between past simple and past continuous see previous section can be made in past perfect verb forms for events further back in the past.

While I had been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped. The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been living there. They'd been cooking in the kitchen for a start, and they hadn't bothered to clear up the mess.

See Grammar The contrast may be stated or understood. There is no present time reference possible. It describes a habitual activity which was typical of a person. Every week he'd buy his mother a bunch of flowers. Used to would also be possible here. Compare: I used to like cowboy films. Would is not possible here. Would is more common in written language and often occurs in reminiscences. I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven't decided. I was about to do it, but I started doing something else.

Jack was to have taken part, but he fell ill. How are you? I was going to phone you Polite forms These are common with wonder. I was wondering if you wanted to come to the cinema. See Grammar 11 and 12 for comment on this. Contrasts with See Grammar 4 for contrasts between past simple and present perfect verb present perfect forms. Past verb forms are also used to express unreal time. See Grammar 8 verb forms and 9.

What had I done wrong? Where were you? If it is correct, write a tick. If not, correct it. Text 1: The train 1 ground to a halt at a small station miles from London, and it 2 became apparent that the engine 3 had broken down.

Everyone 4 was getting their cases down from the luggage racks, and we 5 were waiting on the platform in the freezing wind for hours until the next train 6 was turning up. Six months before the Professor's disappearance, he 2 was receiving a letter from Jean Dawson, the Professor's wife. In the letter, Jean 3 accused her husband of plotting to murder her. Gorse 4 considered what his next step should be when the phone rang.

It was Sergeant Adams from the Thames Valley police force. A fisherman 5 discovered a body in the River Thames, and it 6 fitted the description of the Professor. We 2 decide to go on a cycling holiday in Normandy. Neither of us 3 be to France before, but we 4 know some French from our time at school and we 5 manage to brush up on the basics.

Now we 6 wonder if we 7 make the right decision. We 8 plan our route carefully in advance, but we 9 forget one important thing, the weather. It 10 rain solidly since our arrival and that night we 11 end up sleeping in the waiting room at a railway station. Then the next morning as we 12 ride down a steep hill my bike 13 skid on the wet road and I 14 fall off.

I 15 realise immediately that I 16 break my arm, and after a visit to the local hospital I 17 catch the next train to Calais for the ferry home. So I 20 spend a miserable couple of weeks alone, reading 'Teach Yourself French'. Write O for one or B for both. Every Friday I 1 eat at the Alps cafe. I didn't 2 to spend much money, as I 3 not afford it, but it was a little tradition of mine to eat there. Anyway, I'm going to tell you a true story which happened on one occasion when I 4 eating there.

I remember I was having a pasta dish at 5 time. A beautiful girl came up to me and said, 'I was 6 if you wanted to walk with me in the park?

Well, my bill 10 ages to arrive, and by the time I 11 to the park, there was no sign of the girl. I asked an old lady 12 was sitting there if she 13 seen a young girl waiting around. I described the girl to her.

The old lady said that the girl 14 had to rush to the railway station, and that I 15 to follow her there urgently. She had also left me a note. It said, 'I will explain everything.

Meet me on platform 6. The recentness may be indicated by just. We've missed the turning. I've just seen a ghost! Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past. No definite time is given. Jim has had three car accidents, up to the present Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present. I've twisted my ankle, that's why I'm limping With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present. I've lived here for the past ten years. A habitual action in a period of time up to the present.

I've been jogging every morning for the last month. Contrast with past simple Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be stated or understood. Compare: I've bought a new car. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in time or place from the event. I've left my wallet in the car. I'm going back to get it.

Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the present. The speaker may feel separated in time from the event, or be further away. Present perfect continuous progressive can refer to a range of meanings, depending on the time expression used and the context. Present perfect A state which lasts up to the present moment continuous I've been waiting for you for three hours!

An incomplete activity I've been cleaning the house but I still haven't finished. To emphasise duration I've been writing letters all morning. A recently finished activity I've been running. That's why I look hot. A repeated activity I've been taking French lessons this year. How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs especially sit, lie, wait and stay prefer the continuous form. There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned.

Completed: emphasis on achievement I've ironed five shirts this morning. Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on duration I've been ironing my shirts this morning. Time expressions Meaning with present perfect verb forms is associated with certain time with present expressions. Past simple: referring to a specific finished time. I saw Jim recently.

Others include: for, never, before, all my life, for a long time, today, all day, every day These may be used with either past simple or present perfect. The sentences you make must be appropriate and meaningful.

I haven't been waiting 4 for the time being. She leave too late to catch the bus. The Home Office announce that the two prisoners who escape from Dartmoor prison earlier this morning give themselves up to local police.

I try to get through to Glasgow for the past hour. Ever since then, I It's so polluted and expensive, and the people are so distant. You see, I I think I'm not alone in my aversion to the big city. According to a programme I Oh well, it's too late to change my mind now, because the job is up and running, and I But I must admit, over the past few days, I Reporter Philip Taggart visits a farm where the sheep are super fit!

Farmers, as you may This 4 involve not only planting new kinds of crops, but also some strange ways of making money, the most unusual of which has got to be sheep racing.

Yes, you 5 hear me correctly! A farmer in the west of England now 6 hold sheep races on a regular basis, and during the past year over , people 7 turn up to watch the proceedings. But nobody 12 hear anything about these sheep!

Most people 13 find it difficult to tell one from another in any case. In a typical race, half a dozen sheep 16 race downhill over a course of about half a mile. Food 17 wait for them at the other end of the track, I ought to add! Our reporter, Sarah Hardie, goes to Otley Hall to experience a spooky weekend.

There have been signs of paranormal activity at Otley Hall at various times If tales of headless huntsmen and wailing nuns 2 don't spook you out, do get this for a ghostly tale: a young Victorian man in 3 a silver gown emerges himself from the garden, walks through the front door, 4 whether or not will it happens to be open, and walks upstairs with a lantern, 5 before vanishing in the library. If local folklore it is to be believed, he does 6 this without fail at midnight on 6 September every year, this is being the date 7 of the untimely death of one George Carpenter, the gardener of the hall, 8 who met his doom in the library, had burned by his own lantern.

Otley Hall 9 stands 3 miles north of the town of Rugby, England, and that is reputedly the 10 most haunted house in England, a claim which few who have never visited it 11 would dispute. But it was all having great fun, and the ghostly maze on 19 the final day was terrific, even if I did never get to see George Carpenter. B: What do you mean? O Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form.

Provided of course that the people you Although the King of Rock and Roll Jean The first time I But two years ago I Chris and I Like Las Vegas for example. You'll get them by Friday. If it's incorrect rewrite the phrase. I wonder if you could give him a message from Sally Gordon? We would rent a small boat and go fishing every day. I've been hoping I'd see you. I've got some good news! It was constantly chasing the cats next door Every day we were exploring the city, and in the evening we were going to exciting bars It was growing darker and colder, and there was still no sign of the rescue helicopter All we have to do is wait here until someone will find us.

Are you quite sure it was fresh? The agent may or may not be mentioned. My purse was found by one of the cleaners.

A new road has been built. An object which causes something to happen is called an instrument, introduced by with. He was hit on the head with a hammer. Verbs with two objects Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways.

A note was handed to me. Other common verbs of this type are: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, show, tell Verbs with object and complement Some verbs have a noun or adjective which describes their object.

We elected Jim class representative. Everyone considered him a failure. When these are made passive, the complement goes directly after the verb. Jim was elected class representative. He was considered a failure. Verbs which can't be passive Most verbs with an object transitive verbs can be made passive: e. However, a few transitive verbs may not be used in the passive. These include: become, fit be the right size , get, have, lack, let, like, resemble, suit. Verbs with no object intransitive can not be passive: e.

Therefore it is not possible to say The tree was fallen'. Instead the sentence must be active: The tree fell. Using and not Change of focus mentioning the The passive can change the emphasis of a sentence. My wallet has been taken. In this case, there is no point in adding an agent: 'by somebody'. Generalised agent If the subject is 'people in general' or 'you' the agent is not mentioned.

Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport. Obvious agent If the agent is obvious or has already been referred to, it is not mentioned. Linda has been arrested! Unimportant agent If the agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence it is not mentioned.

Impersonality Using the passive is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is responsible for an action. In descriptions of processes, there is emphasis on the actions performed rather than on the people who perform them.

Then the packets are packed into boxes of twenty-four. Complete the second sentence. The huge stadium by the crowd.

Since the computer the work of accountants simplified. It that the shop should close. Your drinks in a moment. This window a knife. After your complaint , you will hear from us. Their engagement in the local paper. Nothing David again. At least that is what is written on the menu. It think to be nearly twice the size of the largest existing field.

BAN g They took Chris to court for dangerous driving. Dear Mrs Patel, We are delighted to inform you that you 1 select for a free holiday. According to our information, you 2 answer a telephone survey last month, as a result of which your name 3 enter in the holiday draw.

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